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When E171 is part of a food product, it passes through the digestive system without causing harm because E171 combines with the other ingredients.
- The reaction equation is:
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Why does the exposure route matter, and what's the risk?
- Titanium dioxide factories are state-of-the-art establishments, equipped with cutting-edge technology and stringent quality control measures. These facilities specialize in the extraction and refinement of titanium dioxide from raw materials like ilmenite, rutile, or anatase. The process, known as the sulfate or chloride route, involves several stages including digestion, precipitation, calcination, and finally, milling to achieve the desired particle size and optical properties.
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Why does the exposure route matter, and what's the risk?
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Both P25TiO2NPs (with or without vitamin B2) were not found beyond the epidermis in 99% of the analyzed TEM images (Fig. 8). This is coherent with previous findings showing that nanoparticles greater than 50 nm can not penetrate the skin, even in vivo models with movement, stretching, and friction [54]. However, in one of the zones, a few nanoparticles were observed inside a hair follicle. This could be due to the follicle exposure after the localized rupture of this physical barrier when rats were shaved in order to clean the area for cream topical administration. This finding suggests that nanoparticle-based sunscreen should not be applied on recently shaved or harmed skin, in order to avoid nanoparticle skin penetration.
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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a chemically inert inorganic compound and an insoluble white solid that occurs naturally in several minerals, including rutile, anatase, and brookite. It is created synthetically from the mineral ilmenite. It is an insoluble white solid. Anatase, when compared to brookite and routine, has the most industrial applications, but it is the most toxic form of TiO2.
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- Furthermore, [Supplier Name] is committed to sustainability and environmental responsibility. We use eco-friendly production processes and source our raw materials from reputable suppliers to minimize our impact on the environment. As a responsible corporate citizen, we are dedicated to promoting sustainable development and contributing to a greener future.
- Sustainability is at the heart of the factory’s operations
Restraint
In a study published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology in 2016, researchers investigated whether titanium dioxide exposure led to an increase in colorectal tumor creation in mice by using a colitis associated cancer model. By measuring tumor progression markers, the researchers found that mice given titanium dioxide experienced enhanced tumor formation in the distal colon. There was also a decrease of cells that act as a protective barrier in the colon. The researchers wrote: “These results suggest that E171 could worsen pre-existent intestinal diseases.”
The safety of the food additive E 171 was re-evaluated by the EFSA ANS Panel in 2016 in the frame of Regulation (EU) No 257/2010, as part of the re-evaluation programme for food additives authorised in the EU before 20 January 2009.
Relative to a lot of other things that people should be concerned about, titanium dioxide in my mind, is really low on the list. I would be more worried about some substitutes that people are using for titanium dioxide that don't have decades of research associated with it, said Westerhoff.
Conclusion
A 2012 study published in the journal Environmental Science & Technology noted that children are especially exposed to titanium dioxide because of the food that contains the food additive and is particularly marketed to children, including candy and cakes.
From studies deemed relevant, the experts found that titanium dioxide as a food additive is poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract of mice and rats, with no adverse effects observed in short-term studies in rodents receiving titanium dioxide in their diets. No observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of 15,000 milligrams per kilogram of bodyweight (mg/kg BW) per day and 5,000 mg/kg BW per day—the highest doses tested—were established for mice and rats, respectively.
Following the EU’s ban on E171, the FDA told the Guardian that, based on current evidence, titanium dioxide as a food additive is safe. “The available safety studies do not demonstrate safety concerns connected to the use of titanium dioxide as a color additive.”
The Market Landscape
Based on this opinion, the European Commission and the Member States agreed to remove all uses of titanium dioxide as an additive in food. In January 2022, a Regulation withdrawing the authorisation to use titanium dioxide as a food additive in food products was adopted i.e. Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/63.
FAQ – EFSA 2021 safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171)






titanium dioxide importers.